PX4 User Guide (v1.14)

# ROS 2 User Guide

The ROS 2-PX4 architecture provides a deep integration between ROS 2 and PX4, allowing ROS 2 subscribers or publisher nodes to interface directly with PX4 uORB topics.

This topic provides an overview of the architecture and application pipeline, and explains how to setup and use ROS 2 with PX4.

Note

From PX4 v1.14, ROS 2 uses uXRCE-DDS middleware, replacing the FastRTPS middleware that was used in version 1.13 (v1.13 does not support uXRCE-DDS).

The migration guide explains what you need to do in order to migrate ROS 2 apps from PX4 v1.13 to PX4 v1.14.

If you're still working on PX4 v1.13, please follow the instructions in the PX4 v1.13 Docs (opens new window).

# Overview

The application pipeline for ROS 2 is very straightforward, thanks to the use of the uXRCE-DDS communications middleware.

Architecture uXRCE-DDS with ROS 2

The uXRCE-DDS middleware consists of a client running on PX4 and an agent running on the companion computer, with bi-directional data exchange between them over a serial, UDP, TCP or custom link. The agent acts as a proxy for the client to publish and subscribe to topics in the global DDS data space.

The PX4 uxrce_dds_client is generated at build time and included in PX4 firmware by default. It includes both the "generic" micro XRCE-DDS client code, and PX4-specific translation code that it uses to publish to/from uORB topics. The subset of uORB messages that are generated into the client are listed in PX4-Autopilot/src/modules/uxrce_dds_client/dds_topics.yaml (opens new window). The generator uses the uORB message definitions in the source tree: PX4-Autopilot/msg (opens new window) to create the code for sending ROS 2 messages.

ROS 2 applications need to be built in a workspace that has the same message definitions that were used to create the uXRCE-DDS client module in the PX4 Firmware. You can include these by cloning the interface package PX4/px4_msgs (opens new window) into your ROS 2 workspace (branches in the repo correspond to the messages for different PX4 releases).

Note that the micro XRCE-DDS agent itself has no dependency on client-side code. It can be built from source (opens new window) either standalone or as part of a ROS build, or installed as a snap.

You will normally need to start both the client and agent when using ROS 2. Note that the uXRCE-DDS client is built into firmware by default but not started automatically except for simulator builds.

Note

In PX4v1.13 and earlier, ROS 2 was dependent on definitions in px4_ros_com (opens new window). This repo is no longer needed, but does contain useful examples.

# Installation & Setup

The supported ROS 2 platforms for PX4 development are ROS 2 "Humble" on Ubuntu 22.04, and ROS 2 "Foxy" on Ubuntu 20.04.

ROS 2 "Humble" is recommended because it is the current ROS 2 LTS distribution. ROS 2 "Foxy" reached end-of-life in May 2023, but is still stable and works with PX4.

Note

PX4 is not as well tested on Ubuntu 22.04 as it is on Ubuntu 20.04 (at time of writing), and Ubuntu 20.04 is needed if you want to use Gazebo Classic.

To setup ROS 2 for use with PX4:

Other dependencies of the architecture that are installed automatically, such as Fast DDS, are not covered.

# Install PX4

You need to install the PX4 development toolchain in order to use the simulator.

Note

The only dependency ROS 2 has on PX4 is the set of message definitions, which it gets from px4_msgs (opens new window). You only need to install PX4 if you need the simulator (as we do in this guide), or if you are creating a build that publishes custom uORB topics.

Set up a PX4 development environment on Ubuntu in the normal way:

cd
git clone https://github.com/PX4/PX4-Autopilot.git --recursive
bash ./PX4-Autopilot/Tools/setup/ubuntu.sh
cd PX4-Autopilot/
make px4_sitl

Note that the above commands will install the recommended simulator for your version of Ubuntu. If you want to install PX4 but keep your existing simulator installation, run ubuntu.sh above with the --no-sim-tools flag.

For more information and troubleshooting see: Ubuntu Development Environment and Download PX4 source.

# Install ROS 2

To install ROS 2 and its dependencies:

  1. Install ROS 2.

    • Some Python dependencies must also be installed (using pip or apt):

      pip install --user -U empy pyros-genmsg setuptools

    # Setup Micro XRCE-DDS Agent & Client

    For ROS 2 to communicate with PX4, uXRCE-DDS client must be running on PX4, connected to a micro XRCE-DDS agent running on the companion computer.

    # Setup the Agent

    The agent can be installed onto the companion computer in a number of ways. Below we show how to build the agent "standalone" from source and connect to a client running on the PX4 simulator.

    To setup and start the agent:

    1. Open a terminal.

    2. Enter the following commands to fetch and build the agent from source:

      git clone https://github.com/eProsima/Micro-XRCE-DDS-Agent.git
cd Micro-XRCE-DDS-Agent
mkdir build
cd build
cmake ..
make
sudo make install
sudo ldconfig /usr/local/lib/

    3. Start the agent with settings for connecting to the uXRCE-DDS client running on the simulator:

      MicroXRCEAgent udp4 -p 8888

    The agent is now running, but you won't see much until we start PX4 (in the next step).

    Note

    You can leave the agent running in this terminal! Note that only one agent is allowed per connection channel.

    # Start the Client

    The PX4 simulator starts the uXRCE-DDS client automatically, connecting to UDP port 8888 on the local host.

    To start the simulator (and client):

    1. Open a new terminal in the root of the PX4 Autopilot repo that was installed above.

      The agent and client are now running they should connect.

      The PX4 terminal displays the NuttShell/PX4 System Console output as PX4 boots and runs. As soon as the agent connects the output should include INFO messages showing creation of data writers:

      ...
INFO  [uxrce_dds_client] synchronized with time offset 1675929429203524us
INFO  [uxrce_dds_client] successfully created rt/fmu/out/failsafe_flags data writer, topic id: 83
INFO  [uxrce_dds_client] successfully created rt/fmu/out/sensor_combined data writer, topic id: 168
INFO  [uxrce_dds_client] successfully created rt/fmu/out/timesync_status data writer, topic id: 188
...

      The micro XRCE-DDS agent terminal should also start to show output, as equivalent topics are created in the DDS network:

      ...
[1675929445.268957] info     | ProxyClient.cpp    | create_publisher         | publisher created      | client_key: 0x00000001, publisher_id: 0x0DA(3), participant_id: 0x001(1)
[1675929445.269521] info     | ProxyClient.cpp    | create_datawriter        | datawriter created     | client_key: 0x00000001, datawriter_id: 0x0DA(5), publisher_id: 0x0DA(3)
[1675929445.270412] info     | ProxyClient.cpp    | create_topic             | topic created          | client_key: 0x00000001, topic_id: 0x0DF(2), participant_id: 0x001(1)
...

      # Build ROS 2 Workspace

      This section shows how create a ROS 2 workspace hosted in your home directory (modify the commands as needed to put the source code elsewhere).

      The px4_ros_com (opens new window) and px4_msgs (opens new window) packages are cloned to a workspace folder, and then the colcon tool is used to build the workspace. The example is run using ros2 launch.

      Note

      The example builds the ROS 2 Listener example application, located in px4_ros_com (opens new window). px4_msgs (opens new window) is needed too so that the example can interpret PX4 ROS 2 topics.

      # Building the Workspace

      To create and build the workspace:

      1. Open a new terminal.

      2. Create and navigate into a new workspace directory using:

        mkdir -p ~/ws_sensor_combined/src/
cd ~/ws_sensor_combined/src/

        Note

        A naming convention for workspace folders can make it easier to manage workspaces.

      3. Clone the example repository and px4_msgs (opens new window) to the /src directory (the main branch is cloned by default, which corresponds to the version of PX4 we are running):

        git clone https://github.com/PX4/px4_msgs.git
git clone https://github.com/PX4/px4_ros_com.git

      4. Source the ROS 2 development environment into the current terminal and compile the workspace using colcon:

          This builds all the folders under /src using the sourced toolchain.

        # Running the Example

        To run the executables that you just built, you need to source local_setup.bash. This provides access to the "environment hooks" for the current workspace. In other words, it makes the executables that were just built available in the current terminal.

        Note

        The ROS2 beginner tutorials (opens new window) recommend that you open a new terminal for running your executables.

        In a new terminal:

        1. Navigate into the top level of your workspace directory and source the ROS 2 environment (in this case "Humble"):

          • Source the local_setup.bash.

            source install/local_setup.bash

          • Now launch the example. Note here that we use ros2 launch, which is described below.

            ros2 launch px4_ros_com sensor_combined_listener.launch.py

          If this is working you should see data being printed on the terminal/console where you launched the ROS listener:

          RECEIVED DATA FROM SENSOR COMBINED
================================
ts: 870938190
gyro_rad[0]: 0.00341645
gyro_rad[1]: 0.00626475
gyro_rad[2]: -0.000515705
gyro_integral_dt: 4739
accelerometer_timestamp_relative: 0
accelerometer_m_s2[0]: -0.273381
accelerometer_m_s2[1]: 0.0949186
accelerometer_m_s2[2]: -9.76044
accelerometer_integral_dt: 4739

          # Controlling a Vehicle

          To control applications, ROS 2 applications:

          • subscribe to (listen to) telemetry topics published by PX4
          • publish to topics that cause PX4 to perform some action.

          The topics that you can use are defined in dds_topics.yaml (opens new window), and you can get more information about their data in the uORB Message Reference. For example, VehicleGlobalPosition can be used to get the vehicle global position, while VehicleCommand can be used to command actions such as takeoff and land.

          The ROS 2 Example applications examples below provide concrete examples of how to use these topics.

          # Compatibility Issues

          This section contains information that may affect how you write your ROS code.

          # ROS 2 Subscriber QoS Settings

          ROS 2 code that subscribes to topics published by PX4 must specify a appropriate (compatible) QoS setting in order to listen to topics. Specifically, nodes should subscribe using the ROS 2 predefined QoS sensor data (from the listener example source code):

          ...
rmw_qos_profile_t qos_profile = rmw_qos_profile_sensor_data;
auto qos = rclcpp::QoS(rclcpp::QoSInitialization(qos_profile.history, 5), qos_profile);

subscription_ = this->create_subscription<px4_msgs::msg::SensorCombined>("/fmu/out/sensor_combined", qos,
...

          This is needed because the ROS 2 default Quality of Service (QoS) settings (opens new window) are different from the settings used by PX4. Not all combinations of publisher-subscriber Qos settings are possible (opens new window), and it turns out that the default ROS 2 settings for subscribing are not! Note that ROS code does not have to set QoS settings when publishing (the PX4 settings are compatible with ROS defaults in this case).

          # ROS 2 & PX4 Frame Conventions

          The local/world and body frames used by ROS and PX4 are different.

          Frame PX4 ROS
          Body FRD (X Forward, Y Right, Z Down) FLU (X Forward, Y Left, Z Up)
          World FRD or NED (X North, Y East, Z Down) FLU or ENU (X East, Y North, Z Up)

          TIP

          See REP105: Coordinate Frames for Mobile Platforms (opens new window) for more information about ROS frames.

          Both frames are shown in the image below (FRD on the left/FLU on the right).

          Reference frames

          The FRD (NED) conventions are adopted on all PX4 topics unless explicitly specified in the associated message definition. Therefore, ROS 2 nodes that want to interface with PX4 must take care of the frames conventions.

          • To rotate a vector from ENU to NED two basic rotations must be performed:

            • first a pi/2 rotation around the Z-axis (up),
            • then a pi rotation around the X-axis (old East/new North).

          • To rotate a vector from NED to ENU two basic rotations must be performed:

            • first a pi/2 rotation around the Z-axis (down),
            • then a pi rotation around the X-axis (old North/new East). Note that the two resulting operations are mathematically equivalent.

          • To rotate a vector from FLU to FRD a pi rotation around the X-axis (front) is sufficient.

          • To rotate a vector from FRD to FLU a pi rotation around the X-axis (front) is sufficient.

          Examples of vectors that require rotation are:

          • all fields in TrajectorySetpoint message; ENU to NED conversion is required before sending them.
          • all fields in VehicleThrustSetpoint message; FLU to FRD conversion is required before sending them.

          Similarly to vectors, also quanternions representing the attitude of the vehicle (body frame) w.r.t. the world frame require conversion.

          PX4/px4_ros_com (opens new window) provides the shared library frame_transforms (opens new window) to easily perform such conversions.

          # ROS 2 Example Applications

          # ROS 2 Listener

          The ROS 2 listener examples (opens new window) in the px4_ros_com (opens new window) repo demonstrate how to write ROS nodes to listen to topics published by PX4.

          Here we consider the sensor_combined_listener.cpp (opens new window) node under px4_ros_com/src/examples/listeners, which subscribes to the SensorCombined message.

          Note

          Build ROS 2 Workspace shows how to build and run this example.

          The code first imports the C++ libraries needed to interface with the ROS 2 middleware and the header file for the SensorCombined message to which the node subscribes:

          #include <rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp>
#include <px4_msgs/msg/sensor_combined.hpp>

          Then it creates a SensorCombinedListener class that subclasses the generic rclcpp::Node base class.

          /**
 * @brief Sensor Combined uORB topic data callback
 */
class SensorCombinedListener : public rclcpp::Node
{

          This creates a callback function for when the SensorCombined uORB messages are received (now as micro XRCE-DDS messages), and outputs the content of the message fields each time the message is received.

          public:
	explicit SensorCombinedListener() : Node("sensor_combined_listener")
	{
		rmw_qos_profile_t qos_profile = rmw_qos_profile_sensor_data;
		auto qos = rclcpp::QoS(rclcpp::QoSInitialization(qos_profile.history, 5), qos_profile);
		
		subscription_ = this->create_subscription<px4_msgs::msg::SensorCombined>("/fmu/out/sensor_combined", qos,
		[this](const px4_msgs::msg::SensorCombined::UniquePtr msg) {
			std::cout << "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n";
			std::cout << "RECEIVED SENSOR COMBINED DATA"   << std::endl;
			std::cout << "============================="   << std::endl;
			std::cout << "ts: "          << msg->timestamp    << std::endl;
			std::cout << "gyro_rad[0]: " << msg->gyro_rad[0]  << std::endl;
			std::cout << "gyro_rad[1]: " << msg->gyro_rad[1]  << std::endl;
			std::cout << "gyro_rad[2]: " << msg->gyro_rad[2]  << std::endl;
			std::cout << "gyro_integral_dt: " << msg->gyro_integral_dt << std::endl;
			std::cout << "accelerometer_timestamp_relative: " << msg->accelerometer_timestamp_relative << std::endl;
			std::cout << "accelerometer_m_s2[0]: " << msg->accelerometer_m_s2[0] << std::endl;
			std::cout << "accelerometer_m_s2[1]: " << msg->accelerometer_m_s2[1] << std::endl;
			std::cout << "accelerometer_m_s2[2]: " << msg->accelerometer_m_s2[2] << std::endl;
			std::cout << "accelerometer_integral_dt: " << msg->accelerometer_integral_dt << std::endl;
		});
	}

          Note

          The subscription sets a QoS profile based on rmw_qos_profile_sensor_data. This is needed because the default ROS 2 QoS profile for subscribers is incompatible with the PX4 profile for publishers. For more information see: ROS 2 Subscriber QoS Settings,

          The lines below create a publisher to the SensorCombined uORB topic, which can be matched with one or more compatible ROS 2 subscribers to the fmu/sensor_combined/out ROS 2 topic.

          private:
	rclcpp::Subscription<px4_msgs::msg::SensorCombined>::SharedPtr subscription_;
};

          The instantiation of the SensorCombinedListener class as a ROS node is done on the main function.

          int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	std::cout << "Starting sensor_combined listener node..." << std::endl;
	setvbuf(stdout, NULL, _IONBF, BUFSIZ);
	rclcpp::init(argc, argv);
	rclcpp::spin(std::make_shared<SensorCombinedListener>());

	rclcpp::shutdown();
	return 0;
}

          This particular example has an associated launch file at launch/sensor_combined_listener.launch.py (opens new window). This allows it to be launched using the ros2 launch command.

          # ROS 2 Advertiser

          A ROS 2 advertiser node publishes data into the DDS/RTPS network (and hence to the PX4 Autopilot).

          Taking as an example the debug_vect_advertiser.cpp under px4_ros_com/src/advertisers, first we import required headers, including the debug_vect msg header.

          #include <chrono>
#include <rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp>
#include <px4_msgs/msg/debug_vect.hpp>

using namespace std::chrono_literals;

          Then the code creates a DebugVectAdvertiser class that subclasses the generic rclcpp::Node base class.

          class DebugVectAdvertiser : public rclcpp::Node
{

          The code below creates a function for when messages are to be sent. The messages are sent based on a timed callback, which sends two messages per second based on a timer.

          public:
	DebugVectAdvertiser() : Node("debug_vect_advertiser") {
		publisher_ = this->create_publisher<px4_msgs::msg::DebugVect>("fmu/debug_vect/in", 10);
		auto timer_callback =
		[this]()->void {
			auto debug_vect = px4_msgs::msg::DebugVect();
			debug_vect.timestamp = std::chrono::time_point_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(std::chrono::steady_clock::now()).time_since_epoch().count();
			std::string name = "test";
			std::copy(name.begin(), name.end(), debug_vect.name.begin());
			debug_vect.x = 1.0;
			debug_vect.y = 2.0;
			debug_vect.z = 3.0;
			RCLCPP_INFO(this->get_logger(), "\033[97m Publishing debug_vect: time: %llu x: %f y: %f z: %f \033[0m",
                                debug_vect.timestamp, debug_vect.x, debug_vect.y, debug_vect.z);
			this->publisher_->publish(debug_vect);
		};
		timer_ = this->create_wall_timer(500ms, timer_callback);
	}

private:
	rclcpp::TimerBase::SharedPtr timer_;
	rclcpp::Publisher<px4_msgs::msg::DebugVect>::SharedPtr publisher_;
};

          The instantiation of the DebugVectAdvertiser class as a ROS node is done on the main function.

          int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	std::cout << "Starting debug_vect advertiser node..." << std::endl;
	setvbuf(stdout, NULL, _IONBF, BUFSIZ);
	rclcpp::init(argc, argv);
	rclcpp::spin(std::make_shared<DebugVectAdvertiser>());

	rclcpp::shutdown();
	return 0;
}

          # Offboard Control

          For a complete reference example on how to use Offboard control with PX4, see: ROS 2 Offboard control example.

          # Using Flight Controller Hardware

          ROS 2 with PX4 running on a flight controller is almost the same as working with PX4 on the simulator. The only difference is that you need to start both the agent and the client, with settings appropriate for the communication channel.

          For more information see Starting uXRCE-DDS.

          # Custom uORB Topics

          ROS 2 needs to have the same message definitions that were used to create the uXRCE-DDS client module in the PX4 Firmware in order to interpret the messages. The definition are stored in the ROS 2 interface package PX4/px4_msgs (opens new window) and they are automatically synchronized by CI on the main and release branches. Note that all the messages from PX4 source code are present in the repository, but only those listed in dds_topics.yaml will be available as ROS 2 topics. Therefore,

          • If you're using a main or release version of PX4 you can get the message definitions by cloning the interface package PX4/px4_msgs (opens new window) into your workspace.

          • If you're creating or modifying uORB messages you must manually update the messages in your workspace from your PX4 source tree. Generally this means that you would update dds_topics.yaml (opens new window), clone the interface package, and then manually synchronize it by copying the new/modified message definitions from PX4-Autopilot/msg (opens new window) to its msg folders. Assuming that PX4-Autopilot is in your home directory ~, while px4_msgs is in ~/px4_ros_com/src/, then the command might be:

            rm ~/px4_ros_com/src/px4_msgs/msg/*.msg
cp ~/PX4-Autopilot/mgs/*.msg ~/px4_ros_com/src/px4_msgs/msg/

            Note

            Technically, dds_topics.yaml (opens new window) completely defines the relationship between PX4 uORB topics and ROS 2 messages. For more information see uXRCE-DDS > DDS Topics YAML.

          # Customizing the Topic Namespace

          Custom topic namespaces can be applied at build time (changing dds_topics.yaml (opens new window)) or at runtime (useful for multi vehicle operations):

          • One possibility is to use the -n option when starting the uxrce_dds_client from command line. This technique can be used both in simulation and real vehicles.
          • A custom namespace can be provided for simulations (only) by setting the environment variable PX4_UXRCE_DDS_NS before starting the simulation.

          Note

          Changing the namespace at runtime will append the desired namespace as a prefix to all topic fields in dds_topics.yaml (opens new window). Therefore, commands like:

          uxrce_dds_client start -n uav_1

          or

          PX4_UXRCE_DDS_NS=uav_1 make px4_sitl gz_x500

          will generate topics under the namespaces:

          /uav_1/fmu/in/  # for subscribers
/uav_1/fmu/out/ # for publishers

          # ros2 CLI

          The ros2 CLI (opens new window) is a useful tool for working with ROS. You can use it, for example, to quickly check whether topics are being published, and also inspect them in detail if you have px4_msg in the workspace. The command also lets you launch more complex ROS systems via a launch file. A few possibilities are demonstrated below.

          # ros2 topic list

          Use ros2 topic list to list the topics visible to ROS 2:

          ros2 topic list

          If PX4 is connected to the agent, the result will be a list of topic types:

          /fmu/in/obstacle_distance
/fmu/in/offboard_control_mode
/fmu/in/onboard_computer_status
...

          Note that the workspace does not need to build with px4_msgs for this to succeed; topic type information is part of the message payload.

          # ros2 topic echo

          Use ros2 topic echo to show the details of a particular topic.

          Unlike with ros2 topic list, for this to work you must be in a workspace has built the px4_msgs and sourced local_setup.bash so that ROS can interpret the messages.

          ros2 topic echo /fmu/out/vehicle_status

          The command will echo the topic details as they update.

          ---
timestamp: 1675931593364359
armed_time: 0
takeoff_time: 0
arming_state: 1
latest_arming_reason: 0
latest_disarming_reason: 0
nav_state_timestamp: 3296000
nav_state_user_intention: 4
nav_state: 4
failure_detector_status: 0
hil_state: 0
...
---

          # ros2 topic hz

          You can get statistics about the rates of messages using ros2 topic hz. For example, to get the rates for SensorCombined:

          ros2 topic hz /fmu/out/sensor_combined

          The output will look something like:

          average rate: 248.187
  min: 0.000s max: 0.012s std dev: 0.00147s window: 2724
average rate: 248.006
  min: 0.000s max: 0.012s std dev: 0.00147s window: 2972
average rate: 247.330
  min: 0.000s max: 0.012s std dev: 0.00148s window: 3212
average rate: 247.497
  min: 0.000s max: 0.012s std dev: 0.00149s window: 3464
average rate: 247.458
  min: 0.000s max: 0.012s std dev: 0.00149s window: 3712
average rate: 247.485
  min: 0.000s max: 0.012s std dev: 0.00148s window: 3960

          # ros2 launch

          The ros2 launch command is used to start a ROS 2 launch file. For example, above we used ros2 launch px4_ros_com sensor_combined_listener.launch.py to start the listener example.

          You don't need to have a launch file, but they are very useful if you have a complex ROS 2 system that needs to start several components.

          For information about launch files see ROS 2 Tutorials > Creating launch files (opens new window)

          # Troubleshooting

          # Missing dependencies

          The standard installation should include all the tools needed by ROS 2.

          If any are missing, they can be added separately:

          • colcon build tools should be in the development tools. It can be installed using:

            sudo apt install python3-colcon-common-extensions

          • The Eigen3 library used by the transforms library should be in the both the desktop and base packages. It should be installed as shown:

            # Additional information

            ← ROS 2 Offboard Control Example →