Skip to content

PX4 Guide (main)

Main Navigation

QGroundControl Guide

Dronecode Camera Manager

English

中文 (Chinese)

한국어 (Korean)

Мови (Ukrainian)

English

中文 (Chinese)

한국어 (Korean)

Мови (Ukrainian)

Appearance

Sidebar Navigation

Introduction

Basic Concepts

Multicopters

Features

Flight Modes

Position Mode (MC)

Position Slow Mode (MC)

Altitude Mode (MC)

Stabilized Mode (MC)

Acro Mode (MC)

Orbit Mode (MC)

Takeoff Mode (MC)

Land Mode (MC)

Hold Mode (MC)

Follow Me Mode (MC)

Mission Mode (MC)

Return Mode (MC)

Offboard Mode (MC)

Collision Prevention

Precision Landing

Terrain Following/Holding

Throw Launch

Assembly

Configuration/Tuning

Auto-tune

Filter/Control Latency Tuning

PID Tuning (Manual/Basic)

PID Tuning Guide (Manual/Advanced)

Setpoint Tuning (Trajectory Generator)

Jerk-limited Type Trajectory

Racer Setup

Land Detector Configuration

Static Pressure Buildup

Flying (Basics)

Complete Vehicles

ModalAI Starling

PX4 Vision Kit

MindRacer BNF & RTF

MindRacer 210

NanoMind 110

Bitcraze Crazyflie 2.1

Holybro Kopis 2

Amov F410 Drone

Kits

X500 v2 (Pixhawk 6C)

X500 v2 (Pixhawk 5X)

X500 (Pixhawk 4)

S500 V2 (Pixhawk 4)

Lumenier QAV-R 5" Racer (Pixracer)

QAV250 (Pixhawk4 Mini) - Discontinued

DIY Builds

Omnicopter

DJI F450 (CUAV v5+)

DJI F450 (CUAV v5 nano)

Planes (Fixed-Wing)

Assembly

Config/Tuning

Auto-tune

Rate/Attitude Controller Tuning Guide

Altitude/Position Controller Tuning Guide

Weight & Altitude Tuning

Trimming Guide

Flying (Basics)

Flight Modes

Position Mode (FW)

Altitude Mode (FW)

Stabilized Mode (FW)

Acro Mode (FW)

Manual Mode (FW)

Takeoff Mode (FW)

Land Mode (FW)

Hold Mode (FW)

Mission Mode (FW)

Return Mode (FW)

Offboard Mode (FW)

Complete Vehicles

DIY Builds

Reptile Dragon 2 (ARK6X)

Turbo Timber Evolution (Pixhawk 4 Mini)

Wing Wing Z84 (Pixracer)

VTOL

Assembly

VTOL Config/Tuning

Auto-tune

QuadPlane Configuration

Back-transition Tuning

VTOL w/o Airspeed Sensor

VTOL Weather Vane

Flight Modes

Mission Mode (VTOL)

Return Mode (VTOL)

Land Mode (VTOL)

Standard VTOL

Build: Foxtech Loong 2160 VTOL

FunCub QuadPlane (Pixhawk)

Ranger QuadPlane (Pixhawk)

Falcon Vertigo QuadPlane (Dropix)

Tailsitter VTOL

Build: TBS Caipiroshka Tailsitter Build (Pixracer)

Tiltrotor VTOL

Build: Convergence Tiltrotor (Pixfalcon)

Build: OMP Hobby ZMO FPV

Complete Vehicles

Operations

Safety

Safety Configuration (Failsafes)

Failsafe Simulation

Geofence

Safe Points (Rally)

Prearm/Arm/Disarm Configuration

Flight Termination Configuration

First Flight Guidelines

Flying

Missions

Flight Reporting

Flight Log Analysis

Log Analysis using Flight Review

Log Analysis using PlotJuggler

Vehicle Status Notifications

LED Meanings

Tune/Sound Meanings

QGroundControl Flight-Readiness Status

Hardware Selection & Setup

Flight Controllers (Autopilots)

Flight Controller Selection

Pixhawk Series

Silicon Errata

Pixhawk Standard Autopilots

NXP MR-VMU-RT1176 FMU (FMUv6X-RT)

Holybro Pixhawk 6X-RT (FMUv6X-RT)

CUAV Pixhawk V6X (FMUv6X)

Wiring QuickStart

Holybro Pixhawk 6X (FMUv6X)

Wiring Quickstart

Holybro Pixhawk 6X Pro (FMUv6X)

RaccoonLab FMU6x

Holybro Pixhawk 6C (FMUv6C)

Wiring Quickstart

Holybro Pixhawk 6C Mini(FMUv6C)

Holybro Pix32 v6 (FMUv6C)

Holybro Pixhawk 5X (FMUv5X)

Wiring Quickstart

Holybro Pixhawk 4 (FMUv5)

Wiring Quickstart

Holybro Pixhawk 4 Mini (FMUv5) - Discontinued

Wiring Quickstart

Drotek Pixhawk 3 Pro (FMUv4pro) - Discontinued

mRo Pixracer (FMUv4)

Wiring Quickstart

Hex Cube Black (FMUv3)

mRo Pixhawk (FMUv3)

mRo (3DR) Pixhawk Wiring Quickstart

Holybro Pixhawk Mini (FMUv3) - Discontinued

Manufacturer-Supported Autopilots

AirMind MindPX

AirMind MindRacer

ARK Electronics ARKV6X

ARK FPV Flight Controller

ARK Pi6X Flow Flight Controller

CUAV X7

CUAV Nora

CUAV V5+ (FMUv5)

Wiring Quickstart

CUAV V5 nano (FMUv5)

CUAV V5 nano Wiring Quickstart

CUAV Pixhack v3 (FMUv3)

CubePilot Cube Orange+ (CubePilot)

CubePilot Cube Orange (CubePilot)

CubePilot Cube Yellow (CubePilot)

Cube Wiring Quickstart

Holybro Kakute H7v2

Holybro Kakute H7mini

Holybro Kakute H7

Holybro Kakute H7 Wing

Holybro Durandal

Wiring Quickstart

Holybro Pix32 v5

Wiring Quickstart

ModalAI Flight Core v1

ModalAI VOXL Flight

ModalAI VOXL 2

mRobotics-X2.1 (FMUv2)

mRo Control Zero F7)

Sky-Drones AIRLink

SPRacing SPRacingH7EXTREME

ThePeach FCC-K1

ThePeach FCC-R1

Experimental Autopilots

BeagleBone Blue

Raspberry Pi 2/3 Navio2

Raspberry Pi 2/3/4 PilotPi

PilotPi with Raspberry Pi OS

PilotPi with Ubuntu Server

Discontinued Autopilots/Vehicles

Drotek Dropix (FMUv2)

Omnibus F4 SD

BetaFPV Beta75X 2S Brushless Whoop

Bitcraze Crazyflie 2.0

Aerotenna OcPoC-Zynq Mini

CUAV v5

Holybro Kakute F7

Holybro Pixfalcon

Holybro pix32 (FMUv2)

mRo AUAV-X2

NXP RDDRONE-FMUK66 FMU

3DR Pixhawk 1

Snapdragon Flight

Intel® Aero RTF Drone

Pixhawk Autopilot Bus (PAB) & Carriers

ARK Electronics Pixhawk Autopilot Bus Carrier

Mounting the Flight Controller

Vibration Isolation

Updating Firmware

Flight Controller/Sensor Orientation

Level Horizon Calibration

Advanced Controller Orientation

Bootloader Update

Bootloader Update FMUv6X-RT via USB

Bootloader Flashing onto Betaflight Systems

Airframe Selection

Sensors

Accelerometer

Calibration

Gyroscope

Calibration

Magnetometer (Compass)

Mounting a Compass

Calibration

Compass Power Compensation

Airspeed Sensors

Calibration

TFSlot Airspeed Sensor

Barometers

Distance Sensors (Rangefinders)

Lightware Lidars (SF/LW)

Lightware SF45 Rotary Lidar

Ainstein US-D1 Standard Radar Altimeter

LeddarOne Lidar

Benewake TFmini Lidar

Lidar-Lite

TeraRanger

✘ Lanbao PSK-CM8JL65-CC5

Avionics Anonymous Laser Altimeter UAVCAN Interface (CAN)

GNSS (GPS)

ARK GPS (CAN)

ARK SAM GPS

ARK TESEO GPS

CUAV NEO 3 GPS

CUAV NEO 3 Pro GPS (CAN)

CUAV NEO 3X GPS (CAN)

Holybro DroneCAN M8N GPS (CAN)

LOCOSYS Hawk A1 GNSS

Hex Here2 (Discontinued)

Holybro M8N & M9N GPS

Sky-Drones SmartAP GPS

RTK GNSS

ARK RTK GPS (CAN)

ARK MOSAIC-X5 RTK GPS (CAN)

RTK GPS Heading with Dual u-blox F9P

CUAV C-RTK

CUAV C-RTK2 PPK/RTK GNSS

CUAV C-RTK 9Ps

DATAGNSS GEM1305 RTK GNSS

Femtones MINI2 Receiver

Freefly RTK GPS

Holybro H-RTK ZED-F9P (DroneCAN)

Holybro H-RTK-F9P

Holybro H-RTK-M8P

Holybro H-RTK Unicore UM982 GPS

Locosys Hawk R1

Locosys Hawk R2

Septentrio GNSS Receivers

Septentrio AsteRx-m3 Pro

Septentrio mosaic-go

Trimble MB-Two

CubePilot Here+ (Discontined)

INS (Inertial Navigation/GNSS)

VectorNav

Optical Flow

ARK Flow

ARK Flow MR

PMW3901

PX4FLOW (Deprecated)

Tachometers (Revolution Counters)

ThunderFly TFRPM01 Tachometer Sensor

IMU Factory Calibration

Sensor Thermal Compensation

Actuators

Actuator Allocation

ESC Calibration

ESCs & Motors

PWM ESCs and Servos

DShot ESCs

OneShot ESCs and Servos

DroneCAN ESCs

Zubax Telega

PX4 Sapog ESC Firmware

Holybro Kotleta

Zubax Orel

Vertiq

VESC

Radio Control (RC)

Radio Setup

Flight Modes

Joysticks

Data Links

MAVLink Telemetry (OSD/GCS)

Telemetry Radios

SiK Radio

RFD900 (SiK) Telemetry Radio

ThunderFly TFSIK01 Telemetry Radio

HolyBro (SIK) Telemetry Radio

Telemetry Wifi

ESP8266 WiFi Module

ESP32 WiFi Module

3DR Telemetry Wifi (Discontinued)

Microhard Serial Telemetry Radio

ARK Electron Microhard Serial Telemetry Radio

Holybro Microhard P900 Telemetry Radio

CUAV P8 Telemetry Radio

J.Fi Wireless Telemetry Module

HolyBro XBP9X - Discontinued

FrSky Telemetry

TBS Crossfire (CRSF) Telemetry

Satellite Comms (Iridium/RockBlock)

Power Systems

Battery Estimation Tuning

Battery Chemistry Overview

Power Modules/PDB

CUAV HV pm

CUAV CAN PMU

Holybro PM02

Holybro PM07

Holybro PM06 V2

ARK PAB Power Module

ARK 12S PAB Power Module

Holybro PM02D (digital)

Holybro PM03D (digital)

Pomegranate Systems Power Module

RaccoonLab Power Modules

Sky-Drones SmartAP PDB

Smart/MAVLink Batteries

Rotoye Batmon Battery Smartification Kit

Payloads & Cameras

Use Cases

Package Delivery Mission

Generic Actuator Control

Camera

MAVLink Camera (v2 protocol)

MAVLink Camera (v1 protocol)

Camera Connected to FC Outputs

Gimbal (Mount) Configuration

Grippers

Servo Gripper

Peripherals

ADSB/FLARM/UTM (Traffic Avoidance)

Parachute

Remote ID

I2C Peripherals

I2C bus accelerators

TFI2CADT01 I2C address translator

CAN Peripherals

DroneCAN Peripherals

PX4 DroneCAN Firmware

ARK CANnode

RaccoonLab CAN Nodes

Cable Wiring

Companion Computers

Pixhawk + Companion Setup

RPi Pixhawk Companion

Companion Computer Peripherals

ARK Jetson PAB Carrier

Holybro Pixhawk Jetson Baseboard

Holybro Pixhawk RPi CM4 Baseboard

Auterion Skynode

Computer Vision

Path Planning Interface

Motion Capture (MoCap)

Visual Inertial Odometry (VIO)

Realsense T265 Tracking Camera (VIO)

Video Streaming

Video Streaming using WFB-ng Wifi (Long range)

Serial Port Configuration

PX4 Ethernet Setup

Standard Configuration

Advanced Configuration

Using PX4's Navigation Filter (EKF2)

Finding/Updating Parameters

Full Parameter Reference

Other Vehicles

Airships (experimental)

Autogyros (experimental)

ThunderFly Auto-G2 (Holybro pix32)

Balloons (experimental)

Helicopter (experimental)

Helicopter Config/Tuning

Rovers (experimental)

Drive Modes

Manual

Auto

Configuration/Tuning

Basic Setup

Rate Tuning

Attitude Tuning

Velocity Tuning

Position Tuning

Complete Vehicles

Aion Robotics R1

(Deprecated) Rover Position Control

Submarines (experimental)

BlueROV2

Airframes Reference

Assembly (Generic-Vehicle)

Flight Modes

Return Mode (Generic/All)

Offboard Mode (Generic/All)

Development

Getting Started

Recommended Hardware/Setup

Toolchain Installation

Ubuntu Setup

Windows Setup

MacOS Setup

Visual Studio Code IDE

QGC Daily Build

Building the Code

Writing your First Application

Application/Module Template

Concepts

PX4 System Architecture

PX4 Flight Stack Architecture

Controller Diagrams

Parameters & Configs

Events Interface

Flight Modes

Flight Tasks

Control Allocation

PWM limit state machine

System Startup

SD Card Layout

Simulation

Gazebo Simulation

Vehicles

Advanced Lift Drag Tool

Worlds

Plugins

Gazebo Models Repository

Multi-Vehicle Sim

Gazebo Classic Simulation

Vehicles

Worlds

Multi-Vehicle Sim

Simulate Failsafes

Hardware

Flight Controller Reference Design

Manufacturer’s Board Support Guide

Flight Controller Porting Guide

PX4 Board Configuration (kconfig)

NuttX Board Porting Guide

Serial Port Mapping

Airframes

Adding a New Airframe

Device Drivers

Telemetry Radio

SiK Radio

Sensor and Actuator I/O

DroneCAN

I2C Bus

UART/Serial Ports

Port-Configurable Serial Drivers

RTK GPS (Integration)

Middleware

uORB Messaging

uORB Graph

uORB Message Reference

Versioned

ActuatorMotors

ActuatorServos

AirspeedValidated

ArmingCheckReply

ArmingCheckRequest

BatteryStatus

ConfigOverrides

FixedWingLateralSetpoint

FixedWingLongitudinalSetpoint

GotoSetpoint

HomePosition

LateralControlConfiguration

LongitudinalControlConfiguration

ManualControlSetpoint

ModeCompleted

RegisterExtComponentReply

RegisterExtComponentRequest

TrajectorySetpoint

UnregisterExtComponent

VehicleAngularVelocity

VehicleAttitude

VehicleAttitudeSetpoint

VehicleCommand

VehicleCommandAck

VehicleControlMode

VehicleGlobalPosition

VehicleLandDetected

VehicleLocalPosition

VehicleOdometry

VehicleRatesSetpoint

VehicleStatus

VtolVehicleStatus

Unversioned Messages

ActionRequest

ActuatorArmed

ActuatorControlsStatus

ActuatorOutputs

ActuatorServosTrim

ActuatorTest

AdcReport

Airspeed

AirspeedWind

AutotuneAttitudeControlStatus

ButtonEvent

CameraCapture

CameraStatus

CameraTrigger

CanInterfaceStatus

CellularStatus

CollisionConstraints

ControlAllocatorStatus

Cpuload

DatamanRequest

DatamanResponse

DebugArray

DebugKeyValue

DebugValue

DebugVect

DifferentialPressure

DistanceSensor

DistanceSensorModeChangeRequest

Ekf2Timestamps

EscReport

EscStatus

EstimatorAidSource1d

EstimatorAidSource2d

EstimatorAidSource3d

EstimatorBias

EstimatorBias3d

EstimatorEventFlags

EstimatorGpsStatus

EstimatorInnovations

EstimatorSelectorStatus

EstimatorSensorBias

EstimatorStates

EstimatorStatus

EstimatorStatusFlags

Event

FailsafeFlags

FailureDetectorStatus

FigureEightStatus

FixedWingLateralGuidanceStatus

FixedWingLateralStatus

FixedWingRunwayControl

FlightPhaseEstimation

FollowTarget

FollowTargetEstimator

FollowTargetStatus

FuelTankStatus

GeneratorStatus

GeofenceResult

GeofenceStatus

GimbalControls

GimbalDeviceAttitudeStatus

GimbalDeviceInformation

GimbalDeviceSetAttitude

GimbalManagerInformation

GimbalManagerSetAttitude

GimbalManagerSetManualControl

GimbalManagerStatus

GpioConfig

GpioIn

GpioOut

GpioRequest

GpsDump

GpsInjectData

Gripper

HealthReport

HeaterStatus

HoverThrustEstimate

InputRc

InternalCombustionEngineControl

InternalCombustionEngineStatus

IridiumsbdStatus

IrlockReport

LandingGear

LandingGearWheel

LandingTargetInnovations

LandingTargetPose

LaunchDetectionStatus

LedControl

LogMessage

LoggerStatus

MagWorkerData

MagnetometerBiasEstimate

ManualControlSwitches

MavlinkLog

MavlinkTunnel

MessageFormatRequest

MessageFormatResponse

Mission

MissionResult

MountOrientation

NavigatorMissionItem

NavigatorStatus

NormalizedUnsignedSetpoint

ObstacleDistance

OffboardControlMode

OnboardComputerStatus

OpenDroneIdArmStatus

OpenDroneIdOperatorId

OpenDroneIdSelfId

OpenDroneIdSystem

OrbTest

OrbTestLarge

OrbTestMedium

OrbitStatus

ParameterResetRequest

ParameterSetUsedRequest

ParameterSetValueRequest

ParameterSetValueResponse

ParameterUpdate

Ping

PositionControllerLandingStatus

PositionControllerStatus

PositionSetpoint

PositionSetpointTriplet

PowerButtonState

PowerMonitor

PpsCapture

PurePursuitStatus

PwmInput

Px4ioStatus

QshellReq

QshellRetval

RadioStatus

RateCtrlStatus

RcChannels

RcParameterMap

RoverAttitudeSetpoint

RoverAttitudeStatus

RoverPositionSetpoint

RoverRateSetpoint

RoverRateStatus

RoverSteeringSetpoint

RoverThrottleSetpoint

RoverVelocitySetpoint

RoverVelocityStatus

Rpm

RtlStatus

RtlTimeEstimate

SatelliteInfo

SensorAccel

SensorAccelFifo

SensorAirflow

SensorBaro

SensorCombined

SensorCorrection

SensorGnssRelative

SensorGps

SensorGyro

SensorGyroFft

SensorGyroFifo

SensorHygrometer

SensorMag

SensorOpticalFlow

SensorPreflightMag

SensorSelection

SensorUwb

SensorsStatus

SensorsStatusImu

SystemPower

TakeoffStatus

TaskStackInfo

TecsStatus

TelemetryStatus

TiltrotorExtraControls

TimesyncStatus

TrajectorySetpoint6dof

TransponderReport

TuneControl

UavcanParameterRequest

UavcanParameterValue

UlogStream

UlogStreamAck

VehicleAcceleration

VehicleAirData

VehicleAngularAccelerationSetpoint

VehicleConstraints

VehicleImu

VehicleImuStatus

VehicleLocalPositionSetpoint

VehicleMagnetometer

VehicleOpticalFlow

VehicleOpticalFlowVel

VehicleRoi

VehicleThrustSetpoint

VehicleTorqueSetpoint

VelocityLimits

WheelEncoders

Wind

YawEstimatorStatus

AirspeedValidatedV0

VehicleAttitudeSetpointV0

VehicleStatusV0

MAVLink Messaging

Adding Messages

Streaming Messages

Receiving Messages

Custom MAVLink Messages

Protocols/Microservices

Standard Modes Protocol

uXRCE-DDS (PX4-ROS 2/DDS Bridge)

UORB Bridged to ROS 2

Modules & Commands

Autotune

Commands

Communication

Controllers

Drivers

Airspeed Sensor

Baro

Camera

Distance Sensor

IMU

INS

Magnetometer

Optical Flow

Rpm Sensor

Radio Control

Transponder

Estimators

Simulations

System

Template

Debugging/Logging

FAQ

Consoles/Shells

MAVLink Shell

System Console

Debugging with GDB

SWD Debug Port

JLink Probe

Black Magic/DroneCode Probe

STLink Probe

MCU-Link Probe

Hardfault Debugging

Debugging with Eclipse

Failure Injection

Plotting uORB Topic Data in Real Time

Sensor/Topic Debugging

Simulation Debugging

Sending Debug Values

System-wide Replay

Profiling

Binary Size Profiling

Logging

Flight Log Analysis

Statistical Analysis

ULog File Format

Log Encryption

Advanced Topics

PX4 Metadata

Package Delivery Architecture

Camera Integration/Architecture

Computer Vision

Motion Capture (VICON, Optitrack, NOKOV)

Installing driver for Intel RealSense R200

Switching State Estimators

Out-of-Tree Modules

STM32 Bootloader

System Tunes

Advanced Linux Installation Cases

Connecting an RC Receiver to PX4 on Linux (Tutorial)

Community Supported Developer Setup

Arch Linux

CentOS Linux

Windows VM Toolchain

Windows Cygwin Toolchain

Windows Cygwin Toolchain Maintenance

Qt Creator IDE

Simulators

FlightGear Simulation

FlightGear Vehicles

Multi-Vehicle Sim with FlightGear

jMAVSim Simulation

Multi-Vehicle Sim with JMAVSim

JSBSim Simulation

AirSim Simulation

HITL Simulation

Simulation-In-Hardware

Multi-vehicle simulation

Platform Testing and CI

Test Flights

Test MC_01 - Manual Modes

Test MC_02 - Full Autonomous

Test MC_03 - Auto Manual Mix

Test MC_04 - Failsafe Testing

Test MC_05 - Indoor Flight (Manual Modes)

Unit Tests

Continuous Integration

Integration Testing

MAVSDK Integration Testing

PX4 ROS2 Interface Library Integration Testing

ROS 1 Integration Testing

Docker Containers

Maintenance

Drone Apps & APIs

Offboard Control from Linux

MAVSDK

ROS 2

ROS 2 User Guide

ROS 2 Offboard Control Example

ROS 2 Multi Vehicle Simulation

PX4 ROS 2 Interface Library

Control Interface

Navigation Interface

ROS 2 Message Translation Node

ROS 1 (Deprecated)

ROS/MAVROS Installation Guide

ROS/MAVROS Offboard Example (C++)

ROS/MAVROS Offboard Example (Python)

ROS/MAVROS Sending Custom Messages

ROS/MAVROS with Gazebo Classic Simulation

Gazebo Classic OctoMap Models with ROS 1

ROS/MAVROS Installation on RPi

External Position Estimation (Vision/Motion based)

Community

Dev Call

Maintainers

Support

Source Code Management

GIT Examples

Documentation

Translation

Terminology/Notation

Licenses

Releases

main (alpha)

1.16 (release candidate)

1.15 (stable)

1.14

1.13

1.12

On this page

Complete Vehicles (Rover)

This section contains information about fully assembled vehicles that use PX4:

Aion Robotics R1 UGV (Differential Rover)

Pager

Previous pagePosition Tuning

Next pageAion Robotics R1