Distance Sensors (Rangefinders)

Distance sensors provide distance measurement that can be used for terrain following, terrain holding (i.e. precision hovering for photography), improved landing behaviour (conditional range aid), warning of regulatory height limits, collision prevention, etc.

This section lists the distance sensors supported by PX4 (linked to more detailed documentation), and provides information about the generic configuration required for all rangefinders, testing, and simulation with Gazebo or Gazebo-Classic. More detailed setup and configuration information is provided in the topics linked below (and sidebar).

Supported Rangefinders

ARK Flow

ARK Flow is an open-source Time-of-Flight (ToF) and optical flow sensor module, which is capable of measuring distances from 8cm to 30m. It can be connected to the flight controller via its CAN1 port, allowing additional sensors to connect through its CAN2 port. It supports DroneCAN, runs PX4 DroneCAN Firmware, and is packed into a tiny form factor.

Holybro ST VL53L1X Lidar

The VL53L1X is a state-of-the-art, Time-of-Flight (ToF), laser-ranging sensor, enhancing the ST FlightSense™ product family. It is the fastest miniature ToF sensor on the market with accurate ranging up to 4 m and fast ranging frequency up to 50 Hz.

It comes with a JST GHR 4 pin connector that is compatible with the I2C port on Pixhawk 4, Pixhawk 5X, and other flight controllers that follow the Pixhawk Connector Standard).

Lidar-Lite

Lidar-Lite is a compact, high-performance optical distant measurement rangefinder. It has a sensor range from (5cm - 40m) and can be connected to either PWM or I2C ports.

MaxBotix I2CXL-MaxSonar-EZ

The MaxBotix I2CXL-MaxSonar-EZ range has a number of relatively short-ranged sonar based rangefinders that are suitable for assisted takeoff/landing and collision avoidance. These can be connected using an I2C port.

The rangefinders are enabled using the parameter SENS_EN_MB12XX.

Lightware LIDARs

Lightware SFxx Lidar provide a broad range of lightweight "laser altimeters" that are suitable for many drone applications.

PX4 supports: SF11/c and SF/LW20. PX4 can also be used with the following discontinued models: SF02, SF10/a, SF10/b, SF10/c.

Others may be supported via the RaccoonLab Cyphal and DroneCAN Rangefinder Adapter described below.

PX4 also supports the LightWare LiDAR SF45 Rotating Lidar for collision prevention applications.

TeraRanger Rangefinders

TeraRanger provide a number of lightweight distance measurement sensors based on infrared Time-of-Flight (ToF) technology. They are typically faster and have greater range than sonar, and smaller and lighter than laser-based systems.

PX4 supports the following models connected via the I2C bus: TeraRanger One, TeraRanger Evo 60m and TeraRanger Evo 600Hz.

Ainstein US-D1 Standard Radar Altimeter

The Ainstein US-D1 Standard Radar Altimeter is compact microwave rangefinder that has been optimised for use on UAVs. It has a sensing range of around 50m. A particular advantages of this product are that it can operate effectively in all weather conditions and over all terrain types (including water).

LeddarOne

LeddarOne is small Lidar module with a narrow, yet diffuse beam that offers excellent overall detection range and performance, in a robust, reliable, cost-effective package. It has a sensing range from 1cm to 40m and needs to be connected to a UART/serial bus.

TFmini

The Benewake TFmini Lidar is a tiny, low cost, and low power LIDAR with 12m range.

PSK-CM8JL65-CC5

The Lanbao PSK-CM8JL65-CC5 ToF Infrared Distance Measuring Sensor is a very small (38 mm x 18mm x 7mm, <10g) IR distance sensor with a 0.17m-8m range and millimeter resolution. It must be connected to a UART/serial bus.

Avionics Anonymous UAVCAN Laser Altimeter Interface

The Avionics Anonymous UAVCAN Laser Altimeter Interface allows several common rangefinders (e.g. Lightware SF11/c, SF30/D, etc) to be connected to the CAN bus via DroneCAN, a more robust interface than I2C.

RaccoonLab Cyphal and DroneCAN Rangefinder Adapter

The RaccoonLab Cyphal and DroneCAN Rangefinder Adapter allows several common rangefinders to be connected to the CAN bus via Cyphal or DroneCAN, providing a more robust interface than I2C or UART. This adapter efficiently reads measurements via I2C or UART and publishes range data in meters, making it a versatile solution for UAVs, robotics, and technical documentation applications.

Supported rangefinders include:

• LightWare LW20/C
• TF-Luna
• Garmin Lite V3
• VL53L1CB

RaccoonLab Cyphal and DroneCAN µRANGEFINDER

RaccoonLab µRANGEFINDER is designed to measure distance and publish it via Cyphal/DroneCAN protocols. It can be used to estimate precision landing or object avoidance.

Features:

• VL53L1CBV0FY-1 sensor
• Input voltage sensor
• CAN connectors: 2 UCANPHY Micro (JST-GH 4).

Configuration/Setup

Rangefinders are usually connected to either a serial (PWM) or I2C port (depending on the device driver), and are enabled on the port by setting a particular parameter.

The hardware and software setup that is specific to each distance sensor is covered in their individual topics.

The generic configuration that is common to all distance sensors, covering both the physical setup and usage, is given below.

Generic Configuration

The common rangefinder configuration is specified using EKF2_RNG_* parameters. These include (non exhaustively):

• EKF2_RNG_POS_X, EKF2_RNG_POS_Y, EKF2_RNG_POS_Z - offset of the rangefinder from the vehicle centre of gravity in X, Y, Z directions.
• EKF2_RNG_PITCH - A value of 0 degrees (default) corresponds to the range finder being exactly aligned with the vehicle vertical axis (i.e. straight down), while 90 degrees indicates that the range finder is pointing forward. Simple trigonometry is used to calculate the distance to ground if a non-zero pitch is used.
• EKF2_RNG_DELAY - approximate delay of data reaching the estimator from the sensor.
• EKF2_RNG_SFE - Range finder range dependent noise scaler.
• EKF2_RNG_NOISE - Measurement noise for range finder fusion

Testing

The easiest way to test the rangefinder is to vary the range and compare to the values detected by PX4. The sections below show some approaches to getting the measured range.

QGroundControl MAVLink Inspector

The QGroundControl MAVLink Inspector lets you view messages sent from the vehicle, including DISTANCE_SENSOR information from the rangefinder. The main difference between the tools is that the Analyze tool can plot values in a graph.

INFO

The messages that are sent depend on the vehicle configuration. You will only get DISTANCE_SENSOR messages if the connected vehicle has a rangefinder installed and is publishing sensor values.

To view the rangefinder output:

1. Open the menu Q > Select Tool > Analyze Tools:

   

2. Select the message DISTANCE_SENSOR, and then check the plot checkbox against current_distance. The tool will then plot the result:

QGroundControl MAVLink Console

You can also use the QGroundControl MAVLink Console to observe the distance_sensor uORB topic:

listener distance_sensor 5

INFO

The QGroundControl MAVLink Console works when connected to Pixhawk or other NuttX targets, but not the Simulator. On the Simulator you can run the commands directly in the terminal.

For more information see: Development > Debugging/Logging > Sensor/Topic Debugging using the Listener Command.

Simulation

Gazebo Simulation

Lidar and sonar rangefinders can be used in the Gazebo simulator. To do this you must start the simulator using a vehicle model that includes the rangefinder.

Downward facing sensors that write to the DistanceSensor UORB topic can be used to test use cases such as landing and terrain following:

• Quadrotor(x500) with 1D LIDAR (Down-facing)

  make px4_sitl gz_x500_lidar_down

Front-facing sensors that write to ObstacleDistance can be used to test Collision Prevention:

• Quadrotor(x500) with 2D LIDAR

  make px4_sitl gz_x500_lidar_2d

• Quadrotor(x500) with 1D LIDAR (Front-facing)

  make px4_sitl gz_x500_lidar_front

Gazebo-Classic Simulation

Lidar and sonar rangefinders can be used in the Gazebo Classic simulator. To do this you must start the simulator using a vehicle model that includes the rangefinder.

The iris optical flow model includes a Lidar rangefinder:

make px4_sitl gazebo-classic_iris_opt_flow

The typhoon_h480 includes a sonar rangefinder:

make px4_sitl gazebo-classic_typhoon_h480

If you need to use a different vehicle you can include the model in its configuration file. You can see how in the respective Iris and Typhoon configuration files:

• iris_opt_flow.sdf

    <include>
      <uri>model://lidar</uri>
      <pose>-0.12 0 0 0 3.1415 0</pose>
    </include>
    <joint name="lidar_joint" type="revolute">
      <child>lidar::link</child>
      <parent>iris::base_link</parent>
      <axis>
        <xyz>0 0 1</xyz>
        <limit>
          <upper>0</upper>
          <lower>0</lower>
        </limit>
      </axis>
    </joint>

• typhoon_h480.sdf

    <include>
      <uri>model://sonar</uri>
    </include>
    <joint name="sonar_joint" type="revolute">
      <child>sonar_model::link</child>
      <parent>typhoon_h480::base_link</parent>
      <axis>
        <xyz>0 0 1</xyz>
        <limit>
          <upper>0</upper>
          <lower>0</lower>
        </limit>
      </axis>
    </joint>