电池和电源模块设置

该主题解释了如何进行电源设置

INFO

These instructions require that the vehicle has a Power Module (PM), or other hardware that can measure the battery voltage and (optionally) the current.

This tuning is not needed for Smart/MAVLink Batteries.

综述

Battery Estimation Tuning uses the measured voltage and current (if available) to estimate the remaining battery capacity. This is important because it allows PX4 to take action when the vehicle is close to running out of power and crashing (and also to prevent battery damage due to deep-discharge).

PX4 提供了许多（逐渐变得更有效）可用于估计容量的方法：

1. Basic Battery Settings (default): raw measured voltage is compared to the range between "empty" and "full" voltages. 这样的估计较为粗略，因为测量的电压（及其相应的容量）将在负载下产生波动。
2. Voltage-based Estimation with Load Compensation: Counteracts the effects of loading on the capacity calculation.
3. Voltage-based Estimation with Current Integration: Fuses the load-compensated voltage-based estimate for the available capacity with a current-based estimate of the charge that has been consumed. 这样的容量估计相当于智能电池的容量估计。

后面的方法建立在前面的方法之上。 您使用的方法将取决于机体的电源模块是否可以测量电流。

INFO

The instructions below refer to battery 1 calibration parameters: BAT1_*. Other batteries use the BATx_* parameters, where x is the battery number. All battery calibration parameters are listed here.

TIP

In addition to PX4 configuration discussed here, you should ensure that the ESC's low voltage cutoff is either disabled or set below the expected minimum voltage. 这确保了电池故障保护行为由 PX4 管理，并且当电池仍有电量时，ESC 不会断电（根据您选择的“空电池”设置）。

TIP

Battery-Type Comparison below explains the difference between the main battery types, and how that impacts the battery settings.

基本电池设置(默认)

基本电池设置将PX4配置为使用默认方法进行容量估算。 此方法将测得的原始电池电压与“空”和“满”电芯的电池电压范围进行比较（按芯数量缩放）。

INFO

This approach results in relatively coarse estimations due to fluctuations in the estimated charge as the measured voltage changes under load.

配置电池1的基本参数：

1. Start QGroundControl and connect the vehicle.
2. Select "Q" icon > Vehicle Setup > Power (sidebar) to open Power Setup.

You are presented with the basic settings that characterize the battery. The sections below explain what values to set for each field.

INFO

At time of writing QGroundControl only allows you to set values for battery 1 in this view. For vehicles with multiple batteries you'll need to directly set the parameters for battery 2 (BAT2_*), as described in the following sections.

电池芯数（串联）

This sets the number of cells connected in series in the battery. Typically this will be written on the battery as a number followed by "S" (e.g "3S", "5S").

INFO

The voltage across a single galvanic battery cell is dependent on the chemical properties of the battery type. Lithium-Polymer (LiPo) batteries and Lithium-Ion batteries both have the same nominal cell voltage of 3.7V. In order to achieve higher voltages (which will more efficiently power a vehicle), multiple cells are connected in series. The battery voltage at the terminals is then a multiple of the cell voltage.

If the number of cells is not supplied you can calculate it by dividing the battery voltage by the nominal voltage for a single cell. The table below shows the voltage-to-cell relationship for these batteries:

Cells	LiPo (V)	LiIon (V)
1S	3.7	3.7
2S	7.4	7.4
3S	11.1	11.1
4S	14.8	14.8
5S	18.5	18.5
6S	22.2	22.2

INFO

This setting corresponds to parameters: BAT1_N_CELLS and BAT2_N_CELLS.

Full Voltage (per cell)

This sets the nominal maximum voltage of each cell (the lowest voltage at which the cell will be considered "full").

The value should be set slightly lower that the nominal maximum cell voltage for the battery, but not so low that the estimated capacity is still 100% after a few minutes of flight.

Appropriate values to use are:

• LiPo: 4.05V (default in QGroundControl)
• LiIon: 4.05V

INFO

The voltage of a full battery may drop a small amount over time after charging. Setting a slightly-lower than maximum value compensates for this drop.

INFO

This setting corresponds to parameters: BAT1_V_CHARGED and BAT2_V_CHARGED.

空电电压（每个电芯）

This sets the nominal minimum safe voltage of each cell (using below this voltage may damage the battery).

INFO

There is no single value at which a battery is said to be empty. If you choose a value that is too low the battery may be damaged due to deep discharge (and/or the vehicle may crash). If you choose a value that is too high you may unnecessarily curtail your flight.

A rule of thumb for minimum per-cell voltages:

Level	LiPo (V)	LiIon (V)
Conservative (voltage under no-load)	3.7	3
"Real" minimum (voltage under load/while flying)	3.5	2.7
Damage battery (voltage under load)	3.0	2.5

TIP

Below the conservative range, the sooner you recharge the battery the better - it will last longer and lose capacity slower.

INFO

This setting corresponds to parameter: BAT1_V_EMPTY and BAT2_V_EMPTY.

Voltage Divider

If you have a vehicle that measures voltage through a power module and the ADC of the flight controller then you should check and calibrate the measurements once per board. To calibrate you'll need a multimeter.

The easiest way to calibrate the divider is by using QGroundControl and following the step-by-step guide on Setup > Power Setup (QGroundControl User Guide).

INFO

This setting corresponds to parameters: BAT1_V_DIV and BAT2_V_DIV.

安培/伏特

TIP

This setting is not needed if you are using the basic configuration (without load compensation etc.)

If you are using Load Compensation or Current Integration the amps per volt divider must be calibrated.

The easiest way to calibrate the dividers is by using QGroundControl and following the step-by-step guide on Setup > Power Setup (QGroundControl User Guide).

INFO

This setting corresponds to parameter(s): BAT1_A_PER_V and BAT2_A_PER_V.

基于电压估计的负载补偿

With well configured load compensation, the voltage used for battery capacity estimation is much more stable, varying far less when flying up and down.

PX4 implements a current-based load compensation that uses a real-time estimate of the internal resistance of the battery. When a current flows through a battery, the internal resistance causes a voltage drop, reducing the output voltage (measured voltage) of the battery compared to its open-circuit voltage (no-load voltage). By estimating the internal resistance, the fluctuation in measured voltage under load that occurs when using the basic configuration can be compensated. This leads to a much more accurate estimation of the remaining capacity.

To use the load compensation you will still need to set the basic configuration. The Empty Voltage (BATn_V_EMPTY, where n is the battery number) should be set higher (than without compensation) because the compensated voltage gets used for the estimation (typically set a bit below the expected rest cell voltage when empty after use). You should also calibrate the Amps per volt divider in the basic settings screen.

INFO

Alternatively, the value for the internal resistance can be set manually using BAT1_R_INTERNAL (advanced). A positive value in this parameter will be used for the internal resistance instead of the estimated value. There are LiPo chargers that can measure the internal resistance of your battery. A typical value for LiPo batteries is 5mΩ per cell but this can vary with discharge current rating, age and health of the cells.

By default BAT1_R_INTERNAL is set to -1 which enables the estimation algorithm. Setting it to 0 disables load compensation.

Voltage-based Estimation Fused with Current Integration

This method is the most accurate way to measure relative battery consumption. If set up correctly with a healthy and fresh charged battery on every boot, then the estimation quality will be comparable to that from a smart battery (and theoretically allow for accurate remaining flight time estimation).

The method evaluates the remaining battery capacity by fusing the voltage-based estimate for the available capacity with a current-based estimate of the charge that has been consumed. It requires hardware that can accurately measure current.

To enable this feature:

1. First set up accurate voltage estimation using load compensation.

   TIP

   Including calibrating the Amps per volt divider setting.

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2. Set the parameter BAT1_CAPACITY to around 90% of the advertised battery capacity (usually printed on the battery label).

   INFO

   Do not set this value too high as this may result in a poor estimation or sudden drops in estimated capacity.

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Additional information

The estimate of the charge that has been consumed over time is produced by mathematically integrating the measured current (this approach provides very accurate energy consumption estimates).

At system startup PX4 first uses a voltage-based estimate to determine the initial battery charge. This estimate is then fused with the value from current integration to provide a combined better estimate. The relative value placed on each estimate in the fused result depends on the battery state. The emptier the battery gets, the more of the voltage based estimate gets fused in. This prevents deep discharge (e.g. because it was configured with the wrong capacity or the start value was wrong).

If you always start with a healthy full battery, this approach is similar to that used by a smart battery.

INFO

Current integration cannot be used on its own (without voltage-based estimation) because it has no way to determine the initial capacity. Voltage-estimation allows you to estimate the initial capacity and provides ongoing feedback of possible errors (e.g. if the battery is faulty, or if there is a mismatch between capacity calculated using different methods).

Battery-Chemistry Comparison

This section provides a comparative overview of several different battery types (in particular LiPo and Li-Ion).

综述

• Li-Ion batteries have a higher energy density than Lipo battery packs but that comes at the expense of lower discharge rates and increased battery cost.
• LiPo batteries are readily available and can withstand higher discharge rates that are common in multi-rotor aircraft.
• The choice needs to be made based on the vehicle and the mission being flown. If absolute endurance is the aim then there is more of a benefit to flying to a Li-Ion battery but similarly, more caution needs to be taken. As such, the decision should be made based on the factors surrounding the flight.

优势

LiPo

• Very common
• Wide range of sizes, capacities and voltages
• Inexpensive
• High discharge rates relative to capacity (high C ratings)
• Higher charge rates

Li-Ion

• Much higher energy density (up to 60% higher)

缺点:

LiPo

• Low (relative) energy density
• Quality can vary given abundance of suppliers

Li-Ion

• Not as common
• Much more expensive
• Not as widely available in large sizes and configurations
• All cells are relatively small so larger packs are made up of many cells tied in series and parallel to create the required voltage and capacity
• Lower discharge rates relative to battery size (C rating)
• More difficult to adapt to vehicles that require high currents
• Lower charging rates (relative to capacity)
• Requires more stringent temperature monitoring during charge and discharge
• Requires settings changes on the ESC to utilize max capacity ("standard" ESC low voltage settings are too high).
• At close-to-empty the voltage of the battery is such that a ~3V difference is possible between a Lipo to Li-ion (while using a 6S battery). This could have implications on thrust expectations.

C Ratings

• A C rating is simply a multiple of the stated capacity of any battery type.
• A C rating is relevant (and differs) for both charge and discharge rates.
  • For example, a 2000 mAh battery (irrespective of voltage) with a 10C discharge rate can safely and continuously discharge 20 amps of current (2000/1000=2Ah x 10C = 20 amps).
• C Ratings are always given by the manufacturer (often on the outside of the battery pack). While they can actually be calculated, you need several pieces of information, and to measure the internal resistance of the cells.
• LiPo batteries will always have a higher C rating than a Li-Ion battery. This is due to chemistry type but also to the internal resistance per cell (which is due to the chemistry type) leading to higher discharge rates for LiPo batteries.
• Following manufacturer guidelines for both charge and discharge C ratings is very important for the health of your battery and to operate your vehicle safely (i.e. reduce fires, “puffing” packs and other suboptimal states during charging and discharging).

Energy Density

• Energy density is how much energy is able to be stored relative to battery weight. It is generally measured and compared in Watt Hour per Kilogram (Wh/Kg).
  • Watt-hours are simply calculated by taking the nominal (i.e. not the fully charged voltage) multiplied by the capacity, e.g. 3.7v X 5 Ah = 18.5Wh. If you had a 3 cell battery pack your pack would be 18.5Wh X 3 = 55 Wh of stored energy.
• When you take battery weight into account you calculate energy density by taking the watt-hours and dividing them by weight.
  • E.g. 55 Wh divided by (battery weight in grams divided by 1000). Assuming this battery weighed 300 grams then 55/(300/1000)=185 Wh/Kg.
• This number 185 Wh/Kg would be on the very high-end for a LiPo battery. A Li-Ion battery on the other hand can reach 260 Wh/Kg, meaning per kilogram of battery onboard you can carry 75 more watt-hours.
  • If you know how many watts your vehicle takes to fly (which a battery current module can show you), you can equate this increased storage at no additional weight into increased flight time.